Da colonização aos dias atuais.
Saint Kitts and Nevis moved toward independence gradually, following a path common to Britain’s smaller Caribbean territories in the postwar decades. The islands, together with Anguilla, became an Associated State with internal self-government in 1967, but Anguilla’s residents soon rejected the arrangement and effectively separated from the union, complicating the territory’s constitutional future. In the […]
Peru’s path to independence began later than in many other Spanish American territories. The 1808 Napoleonic invasion of Spain destabilized royal authority throughout the empire, but Peru’s conservative colonial elite, the substantial Spanish population in Lima, and the concentration of royalist military strength in the viceroyalty meant that Peru remained a stronghold of loyalist resistance […]
Paraguay’s independence movement grew out of the broader upheaval that followed Spain’s 1808 collapse under Napoleonic invasion, which weakened royal authority across its American colonies and encouraged local juntas to assert self-governance. In the Rio de la Plata region, the 1810 revolution in Buenos Aires unsettled the neighboring intendancy of Paraguay, whose Spanish governor, Bernardo […]
Panama’s independence movement unfolded in two distinct stages nearly a century apart. The first came on November 28, 1821, when a bloodless uprising led by figures such as Jose de Fabrega ended Spanish colonial rule; rather than remain fully independent, Panama’s leaders chose to join Simon Bolivar’s newly formed Republic of Gran Colombia, seeking security […]
Nicaragua’s path to independence was shaped less by armed rebellion than by the broader collapse of Spanish colonial authority across Central America in the early 1820s. As part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, which oversaw the provinces from Chiapas to Costa Rica, Nicaragua had limited autonomy under Spanish rule, and calls for self-government grew […]
