Colombia: 20th Century Developments

Colombia entered the twentieth century governed by a two-party political system dominated by Liberals and Conservatives, a rivalry that would erupt into one of the country’s most violent periods. Economic changes during the 1920s, including a coffee-export boom...

Chile: 20th Century Developments

For much of the twentieth century, Chile was governed under a relatively stable constitutional democracy, even as the country experienced cycles of economic difficulty and political polarization between conservative and left-wing movements. By the 1960s, calls for...

Canada: 20th Century Developments

Canada entered the twentieth century as a young confederation still finding its place within the British Empire, but the two world wars proved formative in shaping a distinct national identity. Under Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, the country experienced strong...

Brazil: 20th Century Developments

At the start of the twentieth century, Brazil was still a predominantly rural society under the Old Republic, an arrangement in which power rotated among regional oligarchies while a small elite tied to coffee exports shaped national policy. Industrial growth was slow...

Bolivia: 20th Century Developments

In the early twentieth century, Bolivia’s politics were dominated by a small elite tied to the tin-mining industry, and electoral participation remained extremely limited under a series of nominally liberal but largely undemocratic governments. Organized labor...
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