Ecuador: 20th Century Developments

Ecuador entered the twentieth century amid persistent political instability, as a succession of authoritarian rulers struggled to hold power against recurring protest and revolt. A 1925 revolution overthrew the existing order and briefly opened space for more...

Dominican Republic: 20th Century Developments

The early twentieth century brought upheaval to the Dominican Republic. Chronic debt and political instability drew the attention of the United States, which occupied the country militarily from 1916 to 1924, reorganizing its finances and creating a national guard...

Dominica: 20th Century Developments

Dominica’s path through the twentieth century was marked by a gradual shift from colonial administration toward self-government. Economic hardship during the Great Depression and the disruptions of World War II sharpened long-standing calls for greater political...

Cuba: 20th Century Developments

Cuba entered the twentieth century as a nominally independent republic still shaped by American influence. Following the Spanish-American War of 1898, the island came under a U.S. protectorate arrangement, and Tomas Estrada Palma became its first president in 1902. A...

Costa Rica: 20th Century Developments

Costa Rica’s twentieth century was defined by an unusually stable democratic tradition, one that set the country apart from many of its Central American neighbors. Free and competitive elections, first held in 1899, established a pattern of civilian government...
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