Systems and institutions.
Panama’s foreign relations have long centered on the Panama Canal, control of which passed fully to Panama in 1999. Relations with the United States, close since the 1989 U.S. invasion that removed General Manuel Noriega from power, remain the cornerstone of Panamanian foreign policy, encompassing security cooperation, trade, and continued American interest in the canal’s […]
Nicaragua’s foreign relations have been shaped since 1979 by the Sandinista revolution and the ensuing Contra war, which brought the country into direct conflict with U.S.-backed forces during the 1980s. The Sandinista National Liberation Front returned to power in 2007, and Nicaragua’s foreign policy has since increasingly aligned with non-Western and left-leaning governments. Nicaragua formally […]
Mexico’s foreign policy has historically rested on the principles of nonintervention and self-determination, formalized in the Estrada Doctrine of 1930, and pursued through active participation in multilateral bodies including the United Nations, the Organization of American States, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which Mexico joined in 1994. Mexico’s foreign relations have […]
Jamaica maintains an extensive network of diplomatic relations built around membership in the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Since gaining independence from Britain in 1962, Jamaica has shifted from a foreign policy centered primarily on London toward one increasingly oriented around Washington and its […]
Honduras’s foreign relations have traditionally centered on close ties with the United States, its largest trading partner and a key security and economic partner, formalized through the Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) and continued U.S. military cooperation, including the presence of a joint task force at Soto Cano Air Base. Honduras is also […]
