Venezuela: Colonial Period

Spanish contact with the region that became Venezuela began in 1498, when Christopher Columbus sighted the coast during his third voyage. The following year, Alonso de Ojeda explored the area and, struck by indigenous stilt houses built over Lake Maracaibo, named it...

Bahamas: Independence Movement

Organized opposition to colonial rule in the Bahamas took shape in the mid-twentieth century, when a small, mostly white merchant elite known as the Bay Street Boys dominated politics and the economy despite a Black majority population. The Progressive Liberal Party,...

Uruguay: Colonial Period

During the colonial era, the territory that is now Uruguay was known as the Banda Oriental, the “eastern bank” of the Uruguay River, and it functioned mainly as a sparsely settled buffer zone between Spanish and Portuguese territorial claims in South...

United States: Colonial Period

European colonization of what became the United States accelerated in the early seventeenth century. England established its first lasting settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, though the colony nearly failed amid disease, food shortages, and conflict with...

Trinidad and Tobago: Colonial Period

Spanish claims over Trinidad date to 1498, when Christopher Columbus sighted the island during his third voyage and named it for the Holy Trinity. Spain held nominal control for nearly three centuries, though it invested little in settlement or defense. That changed...
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